1. The presidential candidate was a man of intellectual strength, moral character, and personal integrity.

2. The employee agreed to work overtime involuntarily.

3. We all hoped that the small boat would survive the storm.

4. They subsequently heard that he had left the country.

5. I live in a family at which all three generations are present.

6. Nothing can compensate for the loss of one’s health.

7. Many people feel a conflict between their duties and their desires.

8. No one knows for sure what caused the dinosaurs to vanish from the earth.

9.The three species evolved from a single ancestor.

10. The boy looks his father and the girl takes……….her mother.

12. You won’t feel better……………you sleep a few hours.

Passage 1: As Philadelphia grew from a small town into a city in the first half of the eighteenth century, it became an increasingly important marketing center for a vast and growing agricultural hinterland. Market days saw the crowded city even more crowded, as farmers from within a radius of 24 or more kilometers brought their sheep, cows, pigs, vegetables, and other products for direct sale to the townspeople. The High Street Market was continuously enlarged throughout the period until 1736, when it reached from Front street to Third. By 1745 New Market was opened on Second Street between Pine and Cedar. The next year the Callowhill Market began operation. Along with market days, the institution of twice-yearly fairs persisted in Philadelphia even after similar trading days had been discontinued in other colonial cities. The fairs provided a means of bringing handmade goods from outlying places to would-be buyers in the city. Linens and stockings from Germantown, for example, were popular items. Auctions were another popular form of occasional trade. Because of the competition, retail merchants opposed these as well as the fairs. Although governmental attempts to eradicate fairs and auctions were less than successful, the ordinary course of economic development was on the merchants’ side, as increasing business specialization became the order of the day. Export merchants became differentiated from their importing counterparts, and specialty shops began to appear in addition to general stores selling a variety of goods. One of the reasons Philadelphia’s merchants generally prospered was because the surrounding area was undergoing tremendous economic and demographic growth. They did their business, after all, in the capital city of the province. Not only did they cater to the governor and his circle, but citizens from all over the colony came to the capital for legislative sessions of the assembly and council and meetings of the courts of justice.

20. What does the passage mainly discuss?
a) Philadelphia’s agricultural importance
b) Philadelphia’s development as a marketing center
c) The sale of imported goods in Philadelphia
d) The administration of the city of Philadelphia

21. It can be inferred from the passage that new markets opened in Philadelphia because
a) they provided more modern facilities than older markets.
b) the High Street Market was forced to close.
c) existing markets were unable to serve the growing population.
d) farmers wanted markets that were closer to the farmers.

22. The word “hinterland” in the passage is closest in meaning to

23. The word “it” in the passage refers to

24. The word “persisted” in the passage is closest in meaning to

25. According to the passage, fairs in Philadelphia were held
a) on the same day as market days
b) as often as possible
c) a couple of times a year
d) whenever the government allowed it

26. It can be inferred that the author mentions “Linens and stockings” in the passage to show that they were items that
a) retail merchants were not willing to sell
b) were not available in the stores in Philadelphia
c) were more popular in Germantown than in Philadelphia
d) could easily be transported

27. The word “undergoing” in the passage is closest in meaning to

Passage 2: Scientists claim that air pollution causes a decline in the world’s average air temperature. In order to prove that theory, ecologists have turned to historical data in relation to especially huge volcanic eruptions. They suspect that volcanoes effect weather changes that are similar to air pollution. One source of information is the effect of the eruption of Tambora, a volcano in Sumbawa, the Dutch East Indies, in April 1815. The largest recorded volcanic eruption, Tambora threw 150 million tons of fine ash into the stratosphere. The ash from a volcano spreads worldwide in a few days and remains in the air for years. Its effect is to turn incoming solar radiation into space and thus cool the earth. For example, records of weather in England show that between April and November 1815, the average temperature had fallen 4.5°F. During the next twenty-four months, England suffered one of the coldest periods of its history. Farmers’ records from April 1815 to December 1818 indicate frost throughout the spring and summer and sharp decreases in crop and livestock markets. Since there was a time lag of several years between cause and effect, by the time the world agricultural commodity community had deteriorated, no one realized the cause. Ecologists today warn that we face a twofold menace. The ever-present possibility of volcanic eruptions, such as that of Mt. St. Helens in Washington, added to man’s pollution of the atmosphere with oil, gas, coal, and other polluting substances, may bring us increasingly colder weather.

28. It is believed that the earth gets colder when…………….
a) volcanoes erupt
b) the air is polluted by modern man
c) the rays of the sun are turned into space
d) all of the above